HAT is a soul? Does man have a soul that departs when he dies? Do
souls go to heaven, or burn eternally in hell? Where are the dead? The
Bible has much to say about the soul, man, and his destiny. As our
final authority in faith and practice the Bible alone must provide us
with the definitive answers to such important questions. Many in our
day claim to follow what the Bible says, but will their beliefs stand
close scrutiny by the word of God? If we can be shown from the Bible
that long held beliefs are in serious error, are we willing to give up
our traditions and follow its teachings alone without regard to the
scorn or ridicule that others may try to heap upon us?
The problem with many Christians in our day is their
attitude toward the Bible. They read the Bible not expecting to
be taught of God from it. Most get their teaching from pastors,
preachers, and commentaries, and then go to the Bible only expecting
to find proof for what they have already been taught. The problem
begins when one comes across a passage of scripture which would seem
to contradict what they have been taught. How many of us at times such
as these reach for our commentaries or run back to our pastors to have
these verses explained to us rather than calling out to God for help,
wisdom, and understanding. This is not how it should be. Each
Christian has a command from God to 'Study to shew thyself approved
unto God, a workman that needeth not to be ashamed, rightly dividing
the word of truth.' 2 Tim 2:15.
Every Christian needs to ask themselves if they know
for sure why they believe what they profess to believe, and to
'be ready always to give an answer to every man that asketh you a
reason of the hope that is in you with meekness and fear' 1 Pet 3:15
Notice exactly what is involved in the above:
1) We are to be READY to give an answer- That is, we
are to be prepared.
2) We are to be ready ALWAYS- That is, we are not to
put off answering.
3) Be ready always to give an answer- nothing will
excite suspicion quicker than evasion.
4) Give a reason to EVERYONE who asks.
5) Give a REASON- not an assertion, or an
assumption.
The fact that so many in our day are prone to accept
a teaching just because it's 'orthodox', or comes from a 'reliable
source' is very troubling in light of the apostle Paul's words:
For I know this, that after my
departing shall grievous wolves enter in among you, not sparing
the flock. Also of your own selves shall men arise, speaking
perverse things, to draw away disciples after them. Therefore
watch, and remember, that by the space of three years I ceased not
to warn every one night and day with tears.
Acts 20:29-31
The apostle Peter warns of the same:
But there were false prophets also
among the people, even as there shall be false teachers among you,
who privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the
Lord that bought them, and bring upon themselves swift
destruction. And many shall follow their pernicious ways; by
reason of whom the way of truth shall be evil spoken of. 2
Pet 2:1-2
Paul
and Peter both knew that apostasy would creep into the church very
shortly after the deaths of themselves and the other apostles. Even a
rudimentary study of church history will show that this is exactly
what took place. Christianity absorbed more and more from its
surrounding cultures and religions until the pure stream of truth was
thoroughly polluted. The pollution came from many sources, but Greek
philosophy was in many ways the most damaging. The reformation helped
undo some of this damage, but did not address many other issues. What
we are left with today is a legacy of theology which was developed to
answer questions raised by platonic and neo-platonic philosophy,
rather than explicate scripture. What is most troubling about this is
the average Christians reluctance and ambivalence in asking questions
about the origins of some of these teachings.
Greek philosophy taught that the soul
or psyche of man represented an inner man, a higher reality, or the
true self. They came to view the soul as something which could be
separated from body at death and survived to go on to a higher plane
or reality. This concept of man as a dichotomy (body and soul) or a
trichotomy (body, soul, and spirit) has become more or less the
accepted view of all mainline Christian denominations. In contrast,
those who hold to the teaching that man does not have an immortal
soul, that he is by nature a mortal being who must rely on God alone
for any future hope of life, are often considered 'fanatics',
'splinter groups', or 'cults'.
But what does the Bible really teach?
Even those who strongly advocate the dichotomy or trichotomy of man
admit that the concept is virtually nonexistent in the Old Testament.
There was either a living soul who had the breath of life, or a dead
soul without the breath of life. To the Hebrew way of thinking there
could not be a person without a body. This is why the Biblical concept
of an afterlife requires a resurrection. This concept was in
stark contrast to the pagan religions that believed in the immortality
of the soul requiring no resurrection.
Christianity sprang directly from
Judaism and brought with it the teaching of the resurrection of the
dead as the only hope for life after death. Are we to suppose that by
the first century AD, Judaism and early Christianity had come to
embrace Greek philosophy as the truth? Sadly, as we shall learn,
Judaism had indeed begun to incorporate the teachings of Greek
philosophy into its traditions in order to answer questions raised by
the Platonists. The question we are concerned with is; did Jesus and
the apostles accept and teach these same corrupt traditions?
It is the position of this author that
Jesus and the apostles did not accept the teachings of pagan
Greek philosophy and as such did not teach the concept that man is a
dichotomy or a trichotomy. If such can be established as fact, then it
must also be true that:
I realize this goes 'against the grain'
of common Christian thought in our day. I also realize that truth has
cut across the grain of 'accepted truth' in every age. We are told of
the ancient Greeks, some of which mocked Paul after hearing him preach
the truth of the resurrection on Mars Hill, (Acts 17:32) and of
Festus, who upon hearing of the same yelled in Paul's face 'Thou art
beside thyself, much learning doth make thee mad!' (Acts 26:24).
The question may arise: How can two
diametrically opposed views both claim to be based solely on
Scripture? So often scriptural views are expressed in such a way as to
make it seem as though all opposing viewpoints are so obviously in
error that there can be no serious debate about the truth of the
matter. Of course, talk is cheap, and unfortunately in our day much of
what passes itself off as Biblical scholarship is nothing more than
empty rhetoric which is too often accepted by like-minded people who
take neither the time or effort to carefully study matters for
themselves.
If this were simply a matter of
providing 'proof-texts' to support our claim, then we can be sure that
we'll get nowhere. Anyone with even a slightly open mind will
admit that scriptures can be cited for any number of opposing
viewpoints. To some this presents a real problem because they see the
Bible as 'an old fiddle on which any old tune can be played'.
I believe the answer to this problem
will never be found in simply an intellectual study of this subject.
On a topic this important, it simply will not do to take the advice of
a pastor, teacher, or commentator, and then run to the scriptures for
'proof-texts' to support our view. Ultimately, it is the Holy Spirit
which must guide us into all truth. While many will acknowledge that
this is indeed what is needed, we have to ask; how many have really
cried out to God for understanding and wisdom in determining truth? I
believe it is only through the guidance of the Holy Spirit,
diligent study, and much prayer that truth can be firmly
established on controversial subjects such as this.
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